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Scania autonomous hub-to-hub truck vs KargoBot L4 robotruck (KargoPlatform) vs Dongfeng heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system
Price, size, speed, payload, battery and joints for 3 vehicles, from published figures. Green marks the best published value.
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Robot 1 Choose a robot 2getthere: ParkShuttle Generation III (2022) 2getthere (chassis by Spijkstaal): ParkShuttle II (2006) A³ by Airbus: Vahana (2018) Academy of Robotics: Kar-go (2019) Airport Authority Hong Kong with UISEE Technology: HKIA autonomous airside staff bus (BYD J6 with UISEE system) (2022) Alexander Dennis with Fusion Processing: Enviro200AV (CAVForth) (2019) Amazon: Prime Air MK30 (2024) AMMO.Ukraine: Marichka (2023) AMS Institute with MIT, TU Delft and Wageningen University: Roboat (2021) Anduril Australia with the Australian Department of Defence: Ghost Shark (2024) Anduril Industries: YFQ-44A Fury (production FQ-44A) (2025) Aptiv (later Motional): Aptiv self-driving BMW 5 Series (Lyft Las Vegas) (2018) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI third-generation test vehicle (Ford Fusion Hybrid) (2019) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI Ford Escape Hybrid robotaxi (2022) Aurora Innovation with International Motors and Roush: Aurora Driver second-generation truck (International LT Series) (2026) Aurora Innovation with PACCAR: Aurora Driver first-generation truck (PACCAR Peterbilt / Kenworth) (2025) Aurrigo: Auto-DollyTug (third generation) (2022) AutoFlight: CarryAll (V2000CG) (2024) Automotive Research & Testing Center (ARTC): WinBus (2020) Autonomous a2z: ROii (2025) AutoX: AutoX RoboTaxi (Shenzhen driverless fleet) (2021) Auve Tech: MiCa (2022) Avride (Nebius Group): Avride robotaxi (Hyundai IONIQ 5) (2025) Baidu Apollo: Apollo Lincoln MKZ test car (US) (2021) Baidu Apollo: Apolong II (2021) Baidu Apollo (built by JMC): Apollo RT6 (6th-gen robotaxi) (2022) Baidu Apollo with BAIC ARCFOX: Apollo Moon (5th-gen robotaxi, ARCFOX version) (2021) Baidu Apollo with FAW Hongqi: Apollo Robotaxi (Hongqi E-Jie / Hongqi EV) (2019) Baidu Apollo with King Long (Xiamen King Long United Automotive): Apolong (2018) Baykar: Bayraktar Kizilelma (2022) Beep with Oxa (on Ford E-Transit): NAVI autonomous shuttle (Ford E-Transit with Oxa Driver) (2025) BlackSea Technologies (acquired by AEVEX, 2026): GARC (Global Autonomous Reconnaissance Craft) (2023) Boeing: Echo Voyager (2016) Boeing: MQ-25 Stingray (2019) Boeing Australia: MQ-28 Ghost Bat (2021) Boeing NeXt with Aurora Flight Sciences: Passenger Air Vehicle (PAV) (2019) Boeing with Huntington Ingalls Industries: Orca XLUUV (2023) Boonray Technology: Boonray autonomous electric mining trucks (BLEB145A1) (2018) Bot Auto: Bot Auto autonomous truck (retrofitted Freightliner) (2025) Bundeswehr University Munich (Ernst Dickmanns): VaMoRs (1986) Bundeswehr University Munich with Mercedes-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VaMP (1994) Cainiao (Alibaba Group): Cainiao GT (2024) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT Pro (2025) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT-Lite (2025) Cao Cao Mobility (Geely): Cao Cao Mobility Robotaxi (Hangzhou fleet) (2026) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: H1ghlander (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: Sandstorm (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 1 (1986) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 2 (1990) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 5 (1995) Caterpillar: Cat MineStar Command for hauling (789D, 793D/F, 797F, 794 AC) (2013) Caterpillar: Cat autonomous quarry haulage (Luck Stone Bull Run) (2024) Clevon (now indiGO Europe, part of indiGOtech): CLEVON 1 (GO Bot) (2022) Cruise (General Motors): Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt EV) (2016) Cruise (General Motors) with Honda: Cruise Origin (2020) Daimler Trucks North America: Freightliner Inspiration Truck (2015) Daimler with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Mercedes-Benz S 500 Intelligent Drive (Bertha Benz drive) (2013) Daimler-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VITA-2 (1994) DeepRoute.ai with Cao Cao Mobility: DeepRoute.ai Robotaxi (Shenzhen Futian) (2021) Delphi Automotive: Delphi automated driving car (coast-to-coast) (2015) DFFAS consortium led by Japan Marine Science (NYK group): SUZAKU (DFFAS autonomous container ship) (2022) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Autonomous Driving robotaxi (Shanghai pilot) (2020) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Neuron (2023) DiDi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion (Andi Technology joint venture): DiDi and GAC Aion factory-built L4 robotaxi (2025) DJI: FlyCart 30 (2023) Drive.ai: Drive.ai self-driving van (Nissan NV200) (2018) EACON Mining Technology: EACON L4 autonomous mining trucks (ORCASTRA) (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 (first generation) (2015) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 2 (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 3 (2019) Eelume AS with Kongsberg Maritime and Equinor: Eelume (2016) EHang: EHang 184 (2016) EHang: EH216-S (2023) EHang: VT35 (2025) Einride: Einride Pod (formerly T-pod) (2017) Elroy Air: Chaparral C1 (2022) Embark Trucks: Embark autonomous truck (Peterbilt 579) (2017) Fernride: Fernride autonomous terminal tractor (Terberg base) (2023) Flytrex: Flytrex Sky2 (2026) Fusion Processing with First Bus (Fiat Ducato base): Milton Park autonomous minibus (2023) Gatik: Gatik driverless box truck (2021) Gaussin: Gaussin APM 75T autonomous terminal tractor (2019) Gaussin with ST Engineering Land Systems: Gaussin AGV Performance (ST Engineering, PSA Singapore) (2018) Geely with CaoCao: Eva Cab (2026) General Atomics Aeronautical Systems: YFQ-42A Dark Merlin (production FQ-42A) (2025) Glydways: Glydcar (2025) Google (Project Chauffeur, later Waymo): Google self-driving Toyota Prius (2009) Gottwald Port Technology (now Konecranes): Gottwald / Konecranes diesel-electric AGV (2001) Hellobike (Hello Inc.): Hello HR1 (Hello Robot1) (2025) HII Mission Technologies: REMUS 620 (2022) Hitachi Construction Machinery: Hitachi AHS on EH5000AC-3 (2020) Holon (Benteler Group): Holon Urban (launched as Holon Mover) (2023) Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding (CSSC) for the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai): Zhu Hai Yun (2022) IAV: HEAT shuttle (Hamburg Electric Autonomous Transportation) (2019) Ike Robotics: Ike autonomous truck (2018) Inceptio Technology with Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle: Dongfeng heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) Inceptio Technology with Sinotruk Jinan Truck: Sinotruk heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) International Submarine Engineering for Defence Research Establishment Pacific: Theseus (1995) ISEE: ISEE autonomous yard truck (2021) Isuzu with AIST and Nippon Koei: Erga Mio autonomous mid-size bus (2020) JD Logistics: JD Logistics L4 autonomous van (2025) Joby Aviation (autonomy stack acquired from Xwing in 2024): J208 autonomous Cessna Caravan (ex-Xwing Superflight) (2026) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024): Kalmar AutoShuttle (2008) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024) with Patrick Terminals: Kalmar AutoStrad automated straddle carrier (2005) Kaman Aerospace and Lockheed Martin: Unmanned K-MAX (2011) KargoBot (spun out of DiDi): KargoBot L4 robotruck (KargoPlatform) (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-ATAK (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-JEST (2025) Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha with Japan Radio and YDK Technologies: Hokuren Maru No. 2 (autonomous Ro-Ro retrofit) (2023) KG Mobility with SWM: Gangnam late-night autonomous taxi (KGM Korando EV with SWM) (2024) KG Mobility with SWM: Torres EVX robotaxi (KGM with SWM) (2026) Kitty Hawk / Zephyr Airworks (later Wisk Aero): Cora (later Wisk Cora, 5th generation) (2018) Kodiak AI (formerly Kodiak Robotics): Kodiak RoboTruck (Kodiak Driver) (2024) Komatsu: Komatsu FrontRunner AHS (930E, 980E, 830E) (2008) Konecranes: Konecranes Gottwald battery AGV (lead-acid and Li-ion) (2011) Kratos Defense & Security Solutions: XQ-58 Valkyrie (2019) Leidos: Seahawk (medium USV) (2021) Leidos for DARPA (built by Christensen Shipyards and Vigor Industrial): Sea Hunter (ACTUV) (2016) Liebherr: Liebherr T 264 autonomous (battery-electric) (2023) Liquid Robotics (Boeing subsidiary since 2016): Wave Glider (2009) Local Motors: Olli (2016) Local Motors: Olli 2.0 (2019) Locomation: Locomation Autonomous Relay Convoy (2020) LOXO: LOXO Alpha (2023) MAN Truck & Bus (TRATON) and ATLAS-L4 consortium: MAN ATLAS-L4 autonomous truck (2024) MAN Truck & Bus with ADASTEC: Lion's City 12 E autonomous (MINGA project) (2023) Manna: Manna delivery drone (2020) Marubeni consortium with Mitsui E&S, Tryangle and Yokosuka City: Sea Friend Zero (Sarushima autonomous tourism boat) (2022) Matternet: Matternet M2 (2017) May Mobility: Autonomous shuttle on Polaris GEM e6 (2018) May Mobility: May Mobility Lexus RX 450h (2021) May Mobility with Toyota: May Mobility Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS (2023) Meituan: Meituan autonomous delivery vehicle (2020) Meituan: Meituan new-generation delivery vehicle (2021) Meituan: Meituan fourth-generation delivery drone (2025) Meituan: M-Drone 4L Winch (2026) Merlin: Merlin Pilot (Cessna Caravan and C-130J programmes) (2023) Minus Zero: zPod (2023) Mitsubishi Shipbuilding with Shin Nihonkai Ferry: SOLEIL (MEGURI2040 autonomous ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium (Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding, Furuno, MOL Ferry): Sunflower Shiretoko (MEGURI2040 ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium with Imoto Lines: Mikage (autonomous container ship trials) (2022) Mobileye: Mobileye Drive robotaxi (NIO-based) (2021) Momenta: Momenta Robotaxi (2025) Momenta with Mercedes-Benz and Lumo: Mercedes-Benz S-Class robotaxi (Momenta, Abu Dhabi) (2025) MooVita: MooBus (2021) Motional (Hyundai Motor Group): Motional IONIQ 5 robotaxi (2021) National Oceanography Centre: Boaty McBoatface (Autosub Long Range) (2017) Navya: Arma (later Autonom Shuttle) (2015) Navya (Gama from 2023, Navya Mobility from 2024): Autonom Shuttle Evo (Evo L4) (2020) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix first-generation L4 delivery vehicle (2019) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 Plus (2023) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X6 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X12 (H12) (2025) Next Future Transportation: Autonomous modular pod (2018) Nippon Mobility (on Hino Poncho Long): Hino Poncho Long autonomous bus (2021) Nissan: Nissan Serena autonomous mobility service vehicle (2025) Nissan with DeNA: Easy Ride robo-vehicle (Nissan LEAF) (2018) Northrop Grumman: RQ-4 Global Hawk (1998) Northrop Grumman: X-47B (2011) Nuro: Nuro R1 (2018) Nuro: Nuro R2 (2020) Nuro: Nuro R3 (2022) nuTonomy: nuTonomy robotaxi (Renault Zoe / Mitsubishi i-MiEV) (2016) Ohmio: Ohmio Lift (2019) Otto (Uber): Otto self-driving truck (Volvo VNL) (2016) Outrider: Outrider autonomous yard truck (2020) ParkShuttle (Rivium) programme: ParkShuttle Generation I (1999) PlusAI with International Motors (TRATON): International LT with PlusAI SuperDrive (2025) Pony.ai: Pony.ai Lexus RX robotaxi (2019) Pony.ai: PonyTron L4 truck (FAW Jiefang J7) (2021) Pony.ai with BAIC ARCFOX: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (BAIC ARCFOX Alpha T5) (2025) Pony.ai with CATL: Pony.ai L4 light-duty truck (2026) Pony.ai with GAC Aion: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (GAC Aion V, 2nd gen) (2025) Pony.ai with Hyundai and Via: BotRide (Hyundai KONA Electric) (2019) Pony.ai with SANY Heavy Truck: Pony.ai-SANY L4 heavy truck (2022) Pony.ai with SANY Truck and Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor: Pony.ai Gen-4 autonomous truck (2025) Pony.ai with Toyota: Pony.ai Gen-6 robotaxi (Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS) (2022) Pony.ai with Toyota (GAC Toyota): Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (Toyota bZ4X) (2025) ProMare with IBM: Mayflower Autonomous Ship (MAS400) (2021) Pronto: Pronto AHS (retrofit on Cat 775G, Komatsu HD605) (2023) PSA International (multiple suppliers): PSA Tuas Port AGV fleet (2022) Pyka: Pelican Cargo (2023) QCraft: Longzhou ONE Robobus (2021) QCraft with Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Longzhou SPACE Robobus (2024) Reliable Robotics: Reliable Robotics Cessna 208 Caravan (2020) RideFlux: RideFlux driver-out robotaxi (Genesis GV80) (2024) Rolls-Royce with Finferries: Falco (autonomous ferry demonstration) (2018) SafeAI (with Obayashi and Avia Engineering): SafeAI and Obayashi autonomous electric Cat 725 retrofit (2023) SAIC Mobility with Momenta: SAIC Mobility Robotaxi (Rising Auto Marvel R) (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Explorer (2014) Saildrone: Saildrone Surveyor (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Voyager (2023) Sandvik: AutoMine (automated underground loaders and trucks) (2004) SANY: SANY SKT90E unmanned electric wide-body mining truck (2020) Saronic Technologies: Corsair (2024) Saronic Technologies: Mirage (2026) Scania (TRATON): Scania autonomous hub-to-hub truck (2021) Scania with Nobina: Citywide LF electric autonomous bus (2019) SEA-KIT International: Maxlimer (SEA-KIT X-class USV) (2018) Sefine Shipyard with Aselsan: TCB Marlin SIDA (2024) Sensible 4 with MUJI: GACHA (2019) Seoul Metropolitan Government (Hyundai Elec City buses): Seoul late-night autonomous bus A21 (Hyundai Elec City) (2023) Shenzhen Haylion Technologies with Shenzhen Bus Group: Alphaba smart bus (2017) Skye Air Mobility: Skye Ship One (2022) Stack AV with PACCAR / Peterbilt: Stack AV autonomous Peterbilt 579 (2026) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University): Junior (2007) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University) with Volkswagen ERL: Stanley (2005) Tartan Racing (Carnegie Mellon University and General Motors): Boss (2007) Teledyne Webb Research: Slocum glider (1989) Tensor (formerly AutoX): Tensor Robocar (2025) Terberg with Embotech: Embotech / Terberg automated electric terminal tractor (2025) Tesla: Tesla Cybercab (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robovan (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robotaxi (Model Y service fleet) (2025) Tianjin Port Group with Huawei: Tianjin Port Section C L4 electric container trucks (2021) Tier IV: Tier IV robotaxi (Toyota JPN Taxi with Autoware) (2024) Torc Robotics and Daimler Truck North America: Freightliner Cascadia autonomous (Torc Virtual Driver) (2024) Torghatten with Zeabuz: MF Estelle (2023) Toyota: e-Palette (Tokyo 2020 version) (2019) TractEasy (TLD with EasyMile): TractEasy EZTow (2018) Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (MITI): Tsukuba self-driving car (1977) Turing Drive: Turing Drive Xinyi Road autonomous bus (2020) TuSimple: TuSimple Driver Out autonomous semi-truck (2021) TuSimple (now CreateAI): TuSimple China driverless truck (2023) Uber Advanced Technologies Group: Uber ATG self-driving Ford Fusion Hybrid (2016) Uber Advanced Technologies Group with Volvo Cars: Uber ATG self-driving Volvo XC90 (2017) Uber, Lucid and Nuro: Uber robotaxi (Lucid Gravity with Nuro Driver) (2025) Udelv: Udelv Newton (2019) Udelv with Mobileye: Udelv Transporter (2021) University of Parma (Alberto Broggi's group, later VisLab): ARGO (1998) US Navy: Spartan Scout (2003) Vayu Robotics: Vayu road delivery robot (2024) Verne (Rimac Group): Verne robotaxi (purpose-built two-seater) (2024) VisLab (University of Parma): BRAiVE (2009) VisLab (University of Parma): VIAC vans (VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge) (2010) VisLab (University of Parma): DEEVA (2014) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles / MOIA, with Mobileye: Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD (2021) Volvo Autonomous Solutions (Volvo Group): Volvo Autonomous Solutions quarry trucks (Autona earth, Volvo FH) (2023) Volvo Autonomous Solutions with Aurora Innovation: Volvo VNL Autonomous (Aurora Driver) (2024) Volvo Buses with NTU Singapore: 7900 Electric autonomous bus (2019) Volvo Trucks (Volvo Group): Volvo Vera (2018) Waabi with Volvo Autonomous Solutions: Volvo VNL Autonomous powered by the Waabi Driver (2025) Waymo: Waymo Via autonomous Class 8 truck (2017) Waymo (Google self-driving car project): Firefly (Google self-driving car prototype) (2014) Waymo with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles: Waymo Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid (4th-gen Waymo Driver) (2016) Waymo with Hyundai Motor Group: Waymo Hyundai IONIQ 5 (6th-gen Waymo Driver) (2024) Waymo with Jaguar Land Rover: Waymo Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen Waymo Driver) (2018) Waymo with Zeekr (Geely): Waymo Ojai (6th-gen Waymo Driver, Zeekr-built) (2021) Waytous (Huituo) with CASIC Aerospace Heavy Industry: Driverless MT4400 220-tonne haul trucks (Baorixile mine) (2020) Wayve: Wayve Jaguar I-PACE test fleet (2019) Wayve with Uber: Wayve AI Driver robotaxi on Uber (London) (2026) WeRide: WeRide Robotaxi (first fleet, Guangzhou) (2018) WeRide: Robovan W5 (2025) WeRide with Geely Farizon: Robotaxi GXR (2024) WeRide with Geely Farizon and Kwoon Chung: Robotaxi GXR right-hand-drive (Hong Kong) (2026) WeRide with Yutong: Robobus (Yutong Xiaoyu 2.0) (2021) Westfield Technology Group: Westfield POD (GATEway) (2017) Westwell (Shanghai Westwell-Lab Technology): Westwell Qomolo Q-Truck (2021) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino early unmanned delivery vehicle (2020) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino R5 (2025) Wing (Alphabet): Wing delivery drone (2019) Wisk Aero (Boeing subsidiary; Archer acquisition announced August 2026): Wisk Gen 6 (2022) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer) (1994) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Sentry (2006) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Nereus (2009) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Oceanographic Systems Lab); Hydroid from 2001: REMUS (original) (1995) XCMG: XCMG XDR80TE-AT cabless autonomous electric mining truck (2023) XCMG (for China Huaneng; software with Huawei): XCMG ZNK95 "Huaneng Ruichi" driverless electric mining truck (2025) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Astar autonomous minibus (2019) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus with Mogo Auto: MOGO BUS (2022) Xiamen King Long (vehicle) with Baidu (system), operated by KC Smart Mobility and Prime Motors JV: HKIA landside autonomous bus (2026) XPeng: XPeng Yoyo robotaxi (GX-based) (2025) Yamaha Motor with AIST: ZEN drive Pilot (Yamaha Land Car) (2023) Yandex: Yandex self-driving car (Toyota Prius+ prototype) (2017) Yandex (Yandex Self-Driving Group) with Hyundai Mobis: Yandex robotaxi (Hyundai Sonata) (2019) Yara International with Kongsberg Maritime: Yara Birkeland (2021) Yutong Bus: Yutong autonomous city bus (2015 road test) (2015) Yutong Bus: Xiaoyu (first generation) (2019) Yutong Bus: Yutong U12 intelligent bus (WITGO system) (2020) Zeabuz for the Government of Aland: Simskala ferry Virtual Cable Ferry system (2026) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2023) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z10 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z2 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2024 edition) (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z8 (2024) Zipline: Zipline Platform 1 (P1) (2016) Zipline: Zipline Platform 2 (P2 Zip) (2023) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox Toyota Highlander test fleet (2018) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox robotaxi (2020) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC L-AGV lift AGV (Qingdao Qianwan) (2015) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC AGV (Yangshan Phase IV) (2017) Robot 2 Choose a robot 2getthere: ParkShuttle Generation III (2022) 2getthere (chassis by Spijkstaal): ParkShuttle II (2006) A³ by Airbus: Vahana (2018) Academy of Robotics: Kar-go (2019) Airport Authority Hong Kong with UISEE Technology: HKIA autonomous airside staff bus (BYD J6 with UISEE system) (2022) Alexander Dennis with Fusion Processing: Enviro200AV (CAVForth) (2019) Amazon: Prime Air MK30 (2024) AMMO.Ukraine: Marichka (2023) AMS Institute with MIT, TU Delft and Wageningen University: Roboat (2021) Anduril Australia with the Australian Department of Defence: Ghost Shark (2024) Anduril Industries: YFQ-44A Fury (production FQ-44A) (2025) Aptiv (later Motional): Aptiv self-driving BMW 5 Series (Lyft Las Vegas) (2018) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI third-generation test vehicle (Ford Fusion Hybrid) (2019) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI Ford Escape Hybrid robotaxi (2022) Aurora Innovation with International Motors and Roush: Aurora Driver second-generation truck (International LT Series) (2026) Aurora Innovation with PACCAR: Aurora Driver first-generation truck (PACCAR Peterbilt / Kenworth) (2025) Aurrigo: Auto-DollyTug (third generation) (2022) AutoFlight: CarryAll (V2000CG) (2024) Automotive Research & Testing Center (ARTC): WinBus (2020) Autonomous a2z: ROii (2025) AutoX: AutoX RoboTaxi (Shenzhen driverless fleet) (2021) Auve Tech: MiCa (2022) Avride (Nebius Group): Avride robotaxi (Hyundai IONIQ 5) (2025) Baidu Apollo: Apollo Lincoln MKZ test car (US) (2021) Baidu Apollo: Apolong II (2021) Baidu Apollo (built by JMC): Apollo RT6 (6th-gen robotaxi) (2022) Baidu Apollo with BAIC ARCFOX: Apollo Moon (5th-gen robotaxi, ARCFOX version) (2021) Baidu Apollo with FAW Hongqi: Apollo Robotaxi (Hongqi E-Jie / Hongqi EV) (2019) Baidu Apollo with King Long (Xiamen King Long United Automotive): Apolong (2018) Baykar: Bayraktar Kizilelma (2022) Beep with Oxa (on Ford E-Transit): NAVI autonomous shuttle (Ford E-Transit with Oxa Driver) (2025) BlackSea Technologies (acquired by AEVEX, 2026): GARC (Global Autonomous Reconnaissance Craft) (2023) Boeing: Echo Voyager (2016) Boeing: MQ-25 Stingray (2019) Boeing Australia: MQ-28 Ghost Bat (2021) Boeing NeXt with Aurora Flight Sciences: Passenger Air Vehicle (PAV) (2019) Boeing with Huntington Ingalls Industries: Orca XLUUV (2023) Boonray Technology: Boonray autonomous electric mining trucks (BLEB145A1) (2018) Bot Auto: Bot Auto autonomous truck (retrofitted Freightliner) (2025) Bundeswehr University Munich (Ernst Dickmanns): VaMoRs (1986) Bundeswehr University Munich with Mercedes-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VaMP (1994) Cainiao (Alibaba Group): Cainiao GT (2024) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT Pro (2025) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT-Lite (2025) Cao Cao Mobility (Geely): Cao Cao Mobility Robotaxi (Hangzhou fleet) (2026) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: H1ghlander (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: Sandstorm (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 1 (1986) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 2 (1990) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 5 (1995) Caterpillar: Cat MineStar Command for hauling (789D, 793D/F, 797F, 794 AC) (2013) Caterpillar: Cat autonomous quarry haulage (Luck Stone Bull Run) (2024) Clevon (now indiGO Europe, part of indiGOtech): CLEVON 1 (GO Bot) (2022) Cruise (General Motors): Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt EV) (2016) Cruise (General Motors) with Honda: Cruise Origin (2020) Daimler Trucks North America: Freightliner Inspiration Truck (2015) Daimler with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Mercedes-Benz S 500 Intelligent Drive (Bertha Benz drive) (2013) Daimler-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VITA-2 (1994) DeepRoute.ai with Cao Cao Mobility: DeepRoute.ai Robotaxi (Shenzhen Futian) (2021) Delphi Automotive: Delphi automated driving car (coast-to-coast) (2015) DFFAS consortium led by Japan Marine Science (NYK group): SUZAKU (DFFAS autonomous container ship) (2022) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Autonomous Driving robotaxi (Shanghai pilot) (2020) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Neuron (2023) DiDi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion (Andi Technology joint venture): DiDi and GAC Aion factory-built L4 robotaxi (2025) DJI: FlyCart 30 (2023) Drive.ai: Drive.ai self-driving van (Nissan NV200) (2018) EACON Mining Technology: EACON L4 autonomous mining trucks (ORCASTRA) (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 (first generation) (2015) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 2 (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 3 (2019) Eelume AS with Kongsberg Maritime and Equinor: Eelume (2016) EHang: EHang 184 (2016) EHang: EH216-S (2023) EHang: VT35 (2025) Einride: Einride Pod (formerly T-pod) (2017) Elroy Air: Chaparral C1 (2022) Embark Trucks: Embark autonomous truck (Peterbilt 579) (2017) Fernride: Fernride autonomous terminal tractor (Terberg base) (2023) Flytrex: Flytrex Sky2 (2026) Fusion Processing with First Bus (Fiat Ducato base): Milton Park autonomous minibus (2023) Gatik: Gatik driverless box truck (2021) Gaussin: Gaussin APM 75T autonomous terminal tractor (2019) Gaussin with ST Engineering Land Systems: Gaussin AGV Performance (ST Engineering, PSA Singapore) (2018) Geely with CaoCao: Eva Cab (2026) General Atomics Aeronautical Systems: YFQ-42A Dark Merlin (production FQ-42A) (2025) Glydways: Glydcar (2025) Google (Project Chauffeur, later Waymo): Google self-driving Toyota Prius (2009) Gottwald Port Technology (now Konecranes): Gottwald / Konecranes diesel-electric AGV (2001) Hellobike (Hello Inc.): Hello HR1 (Hello Robot1) (2025) HII Mission Technologies: REMUS 620 (2022) Hitachi Construction Machinery: Hitachi AHS on EH5000AC-3 (2020) Holon (Benteler Group): Holon Urban (launched as Holon Mover) (2023) Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding (CSSC) for the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai): Zhu Hai Yun (2022) IAV: HEAT shuttle (Hamburg Electric Autonomous Transportation) (2019) Ike Robotics: Ike autonomous truck (2018) Inceptio Technology with Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle: Dongfeng heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) Inceptio Technology with Sinotruk Jinan Truck: Sinotruk heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) International Submarine Engineering for Defence Research Establishment Pacific: Theseus (1995) ISEE: ISEE autonomous yard truck (2021) Isuzu with AIST and Nippon Koei: Erga Mio autonomous mid-size bus (2020) JD Logistics: JD Logistics L4 autonomous van (2025) Joby Aviation (autonomy stack acquired from Xwing in 2024): J208 autonomous Cessna Caravan (ex-Xwing Superflight) (2026) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024): Kalmar AutoShuttle (2008) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024) with Patrick Terminals: Kalmar AutoStrad automated straddle carrier (2005) Kaman Aerospace and Lockheed Martin: Unmanned K-MAX (2011) KargoBot (spun out of DiDi): KargoBot L4 robotruck (KargoPlatform) (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-ATAK (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-JEST (2025) Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha with Japan Radio and YDK Technologies: Hokuren Maru No. 2 (autonomous Ro-Ro retrofit) (2023) KG Mobility with SWM: Gangnam late-night autonomous taxi (KGM Korando EV with SWM) (2024) KG Mobility with SWM: Torres EVX robotaxi (KGM with SWM) (2026) Kitty Hawk / Zephyr Airworks (later Wisk Aero): Cora (later Wisk Cora, 5th generation) (2018) Kodiak AI (formerly Kodiak Robotics): Kodiak RoboTruck (Kodiak Driver) (2024) Komatsu: Komatsu FrontRunner AHS (930E, 980E, 830E) (2008) Konecranes: Konecranes Gottwald battery AGV (lead-acid and Li-ion) (2011) Kratos Defense & Security Solutions: XQ-58 Valkyrie (2019) Leidos: Seahawk (medium USV) (2021) Leidos for DARPA (built by Christensen Shipyards and Vigor Industrial): Sea Hunter (ACTUV) (2016) Liebherr: Liebherr T 264 autonomous (battery-electric) (2023) Liquid Robotics (Boeing subsidiary since 2016): Wave Glider (2009) Local Motors: Olli (2016) Local Motors: Olli 2.0 (2019) Locomation: Locomation Autonomous Relay Convoy (2020) LOXO: LOXO Alpha (2023) MAN Truck & Bus (TRATON) and ATLAS-L4 consortium: MAN ATLAS-L4 autonomous truck (2024) MAN Truck & Bus with ADASTEC: Lion's City 12 E autonomous (MINGA project) (2023) Manna: Manna delivery drone (2020) Marubeni consortium with Mitsui E&S, Tryangle and Yokosuka City: Sea Friend Zero (Sarushima autonomous tourism boat) (2022) Matternet: Matternet M2 (2017) May Mobility: Autonomous shuttle on Polaris GEM e6 (2018) May Mobility: May Mobility Lexus RX 450h (2021) May Mobility with Toyota: May Mobility Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS (2023) Meituan: Meituan autonomous delivery vehicle (2020) Meituan: Meituan new-generation delivery vehicle (2021) Meituan: Meituan fourth-generation delivery drone (2025) Meituan: M-Drone 4L Winch (2026) Merlin: Merlin Pilot (Cessna Caravan and C-130J programmes) (2023) Minus Zero: zPod (2023) Mitsubishi Shipbuilding with Shin Nihonkai Ferry: SOLEIL (MEGURI2040 autonomous ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium (Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding, Furuno, MOL Ferry): Sunflower Shiretoko (MEGURI2040 ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium with Imoto Lines: Mikage (autonomous container ship trials) (2022) Mobileye: Mobileye Drive robotaxi (NIO-based) (2021) Momenta: Momenta Robotaxi (2025) Momenta with Mercedes-Benz and Lumo: Mercedes-Benz S-Class robotaxi (Momenta, Abu Dhabi) (2025) MooVita: MooBus (2021) Motional (Hyundai Motor Group): Motional IONIQ 5 robotaxi (2021) National Oceanography Centre: Boaty McBoatface (Autosub Long Range) (2017) Navya: Arma (later Autonom Shuttle) (2015) Navya (Gama from 2023, Navya Mobility from 2024): Autonom Shuttle Evo (Evo L4) (2020) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix first-generation L4 delivery vehicle (2019) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 Plus (2023) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X6 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X12 (H12) (2025) Next Future Transportation: Autonomous modular pod (2018) Nippon Mobility (on Hino Poncho Long): Hino Poncho Long autonomous bus (2021) Nissan: Nissan Serena autonomous mobility service vehicle (2025) Nissan with DeNA: Easy Ride robo-vehicle (Nissan LEAF) (2018) Northrop Grumman: RQ-4 Global Hawk (1998) Northrop Grumman: X-47B (2011) Nuro: Nuro R1 (2018) Nuro: Nuro R2 (2020) Nuro: Nuro R3 (2022) nuTonomy: nuTonomy robotaxi (Renault Zoe / Mitsubishi i-MiEV) (2016) Ohmio: Ohmio Lift (2019) Otto (Uber): Otto self-driving truck (Volvo VNL) (2016) Outrider: Outrider autonomous yard truck (2020) ParkShuttle (Rivium) programme: ParkShuttle Generation I (1999) PlusAI with International Motors (TRATON): International LT with PlusAI SuperDrive (2025) Pony.ai: Pony.ai Lexus RX robotaxi (2019) Pony.ai: PonyTron L4 truck (FAW Jiefang J7) (2021) Pony.ai with BAIC ARCFOX: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (BAIC ARCFOX Alpha T5) (2025) Pony.ai with CATL: Pony.ai L4 light-duty truck (2026) Pony.ai with GAC Aion: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (GAC Aion V, 2nd gen) (2025) Pony.ai with Hyundai and Via: BotRide (Hyundai KONA Electric) (2019) Pony.ai with SANY Heavy Truck: Pony.ai-SANY L4 heavy truck (2022) Pony.ai with SANY Truck and Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor: Pony.ai Gen-4 autonomous truck (2025) Pony.ai with Toyota: Pony.ai Gen-6 robotaxi (Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS) (2022) Pony.ai with Toyota (GAC Toyota): Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (Toyota bZ4X) (2025) ProMare with IBM: Mayflower Autonomous Ship (MAS400) (2021) Pronto: Pronto AHS (retrofit on Cat 775G, Komatsu HD605) (2023) PSA International (multiple suppliers): PSA Tuas Port AGV fleet (2022) Pyka: Pelican Cargo (2023) QCraft: Longzhou ONE Robobus (2021) QCraft with Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Longzhou SPACE Robobus (2024) Reliable Robotics: Reliable Robotics Cessna 208 Caravan (2020) RideFlux: RideFlux driver-out robotaxi (Genesis GV80) (2024) Rolls-Royce with Finferries: Falco (autonomous ferry demonstration) (2018) SafeAI (with Obayashi and Avia Engineering): SafeAI and Obayashi autonomous electric Cat 725 retrofit (2023) SAIC Mobility with Momenta: SAIC Mobility Robotaxi (Rising Auto Marvel R) (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Explorer (2014) Saildrone: Saildrone Surveyor (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Voyager (2023) Sandvik: AutoMine (automated underground loaders and trucks) (2004) SANY: SANY SKT90E unmanned electric wide-body mining truck (2020) Saronic Technologies: Corsair (2024) Saronic Technologies: Mirage (2026) Scania (TRATON): Scania autonomous hub-to-hub truck (2021) Scania with Nobina: Citywide LF electric autonomous bus (2019) SEA-KIT International: Maxlimer (SEA-KIT X-class USV) (2018) Sefine Shipyard with Aselsan: TCB Marlin SIDA (2024) Sensible 4 with MUJI: GACHA (2019) Seoul Metropolitan Government (Hyundai Elec City buses): Seoul late-night autonomous bus A21 (Hyundai Elec City) (2023) Shenzhen Haylion Technologies with Shenzhen Bus Group: Alphaba smart bus (2017) Skye Air Mobility: Skye Ship One (2022) Stack AV with PACCAR / Peterbilt: Stack AV autonomous Peterbilt 579 (2026) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University): Junior (2007) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University) with Volkswagen ERL: Stanley (2005) Tartan Racing (Carnegie Mellon University and General Motors): Boss (2007) Teledyne Webb Research: Slocum glider (1989) Tensor (formerly AutoX): Tensor Robocar (2025) Terberg with Embotech: Embotech / Terberg automated electric terminal tractor (2025) Tesla: Tesla Cybercab (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robovan (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robotaxi (Model Y service fleet) (2025) Tianjin Port Group with Huawei: Tianjin Port Section C L4 electric container trucks (2021) Tier IV: Tier IV robotaxi (Toyota JPN Taxi with Autoware) (2024) Torc Robotics and Daimler Truck North America: Freightliner Cascadia autonomous (Torc Virtual Driver) (2024) Torghatten with Zeabuz: MF Estelle (2023) Toyota: e-Palette (Tokyo 2020 version) (2019) TractEasy (TLD with EasyMile): TractEasy EZTow (2018) Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (MITI): Tsukuba self-driving car (1977) Turing Drive: Turing Drive Xinyi Road autonomous bus (2020) TuSimple: TuSimple Driver Out autonomous semi-truck (2021) TuSimple (now CreateAI): TuSimple China driverless truck (2023) Uber Advanced Technologies Group: Uber ATG self-driving Ford Fusion Hybrid (2016) Uber Advanced Technologies Group with Volvo Cars: Uber ATG self-driving Volvo XC90 (2017) Uber, Lucid and Nuro: Uber robotaxi (Lucid Gravity with Nuro Driver) (2025) Udelv: Udelv Newton (2019) Udelv with Mobileye: Udelv Transporter (2021) University of Parma (Alberto Broggi's group, later VisLab): ARGO (1998) US Navy: Spartan Scout (2003) Vayu Robotics: Vayu road delivery robot (2024) Verne (Rimac Group): Verne robotaxi (purpose-built two-seater) (2024) VisLab (University of Parma): BRAiVE (2009) VisLab (University of Parma): VIAC vans (VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge) (2010) VisLab (University of Parma): DEEVA (2014) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles / MOIA, with Mobileye: Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD (2021) Volvo Autonomous Solutions (Volvo Group): Volvo Autonomous Solutions quarry trucks (Autona earth, Volvo FH) (2023) Volvo Autonomous Solutions with Aurora Innovation: Volvo VNL Autonomous (Aurora Driver) (2024) Volvo Buses with NTU Singapore: 7900 Electric autonomous bus (2019) Volvo Trucks (Volvo Group): Volvo Vera (2018) Waabi with Volvo Autonomous Solutions: Volvo VNL Autonomous powered by the Waabi Driver (2025) Waymo: Waymo Via autonomous Class 8 truck (2017) Waymo (Google self-driving car project): Firefly (Google self-driving car prototype) (2014) Waymo with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles: Waymo Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid (4th-gen Waymo Driver) (2016) Waymo with Hyundai Motor Group: Waymo Hyundai IONIQ 5 (6th-gen Waymo Driver) (2024) Waymo with Jaguar Land Rover: Waymo Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen Waymo Driver) (2018) Waymo with Zeekr (Geely): Waymo Ojai (6th-gen Waymo Driver, Zeekr-built) (2021) Waytous (Huituo) with CASIC Aerospace Heavy Industry: Driverless MT4400 220-tonne haul trucks (Baorixile mine) (2020) Wayve: Wayve Jaguar I-PACE test fleet (2019) Wayve with Uber: Wayve AI Driver robotaxi on Uber (London) (2026) WeRide: WeRide Robotaxi (first fleet, Guangzhou) (2018) WeRide: Robovan W5 (2025) WeRide with Geely Farizon: Robotaxi GXR (2024) WeRide with Geely Farizon and Kwoon Chung: Robotaxi GXR right-hand-drive (Hong Kong) (2026) WeRide with Yutong: Robobus (Yutong Xiaoyu 2.0) (2021) Westfield Technology Group: Westfield POD (GATEway) (2017) Westwell (Shanghai Westwell-Lab Technology): Westwell Qomolo Q-Truck (2021) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino early unmanned delivery vehicle (2020) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino R5 (2025) Wing (Alphabet): Wing delivery drone (2019) Wisk Aero (Boeing subsidiary; Archer acquisition announced August 2026): Wisk Gen 6 (2022) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer) (1994) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Sentry (2006) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Nereus (2009) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Oceanographic Systems Lab); Hydroid from 2001: REMUS (original) (1995) XCMG: XCMG XDR80TE-AT cabless autonomous electric mining truck (2023) XCMG (for China Huaneng; software with Huawei): XCMG ZNK95 "Huaneng Ruichi" driverless electric mining truck (2025) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Astar autonomous minibus (2019) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus with Mogo Auto: MOGO BUS (2022) Xiamen King Long (vehicle) with Baidu (system), operated by KC Smart Mobility and Prime Motors JV: HKIA landside autonomous bus (2026) XPeng: XPeng Yoyo robotaxi (GX-based) (2025) Yamaha Motor with AIST: ZEN drive Pilot (Yamaha Land Car) (2023) Yandex: Yandex self-driving car (Toyota Prius+ prototype) (2017) Yandex (Yandex Self-Driving Group) with Hyundai Mobis: Yandex robotaxi (Hyundai Sonata) (2019) Yara International with Kongsberg Maritime: Yara Birkeland (2021) Yutong Bus: Yutong autonomous city bus (2015 road test) (2015) Yutong Bus: Xiaoyu (first generation) (2019) Yutong Bus: Yutong U12 intelligent bus (WITGO system) (2020) Zeabuz for the Government of Aland: Simskala ferry Virtual Cable Ferry system (2026) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2023) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z10 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z2 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2024 edition) (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z8 (2024) Zipline: Zipline Platform 1 (P1) (2016) Zipline: Zipline Platform 2 (P2 Zip) (2023) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox Toyota Highlander test fleet (2018) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox robotaxi (2020) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC L-AGV lift AGV (Qingdao Qianwan) (2015) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC AGV (Yangshan Phase IV) (2017) Robot 3 (optional) None 2getthere: ParkShuttle Generation III (2022) 2getthere (chassis by Spijkstaal): ParkShuttle II (2006) A³ by Airbus: Vahana (2018) Academy of Robotics: Kar-go (2019) Airport Authority Hong Kong with UISEE Technology: HKIA autonomous airside staff bus (BYD J6 with UISEE system) (2022) Alexander Dennis with Fusion Processing: Enviro200AV (CAVForth) (2019) Amazon: Prime Air MK30 (2024) AMMO.Ukraine: Marichka (2023) AMS Institute with MIT, TU Delft and Wageningen University: Roboat (2021) Anduril Australia with the Australian Department of Defence: Ghost Shark (2024) Anduril Industries: YFQ-44A Fury (production FQ-44A) (2025) Aptiv (later Motional): Aptiv self-driving BMW 5 Series (Lyft Las Vegas) (2018) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI third-generation test vehicle (Ford Fusion Hybrid) (2019) Argo AI with Ford: Argo AI Ford Escape Hybrid robotaxi (2022) Aurora Innovation with International Motors and Roush: Aurora Driver second-generation truck (International LT Series) (2026) Aurora Innovation with PACCAR: Aurora Driver first-generation truck (PACCAR Peterbilt / Kenworth) (2025) Aurrigo: Auto-DollyTug (third generation) (2022) AutoFlight: CarryAll (V2000CG) (2024) Automotive Research & Testing Center (ARTC): WinBus (2020) Autonomous a2z: ROii (2025) AutoX: AutoX RoboTaxi (Shenzhen driverless fleet) (2021) Auve Tech: MiCa (2022) Avride (Nebius Group): Avride robotaxi (Hyundai IONIQ 5) (2025) Baidu Apollo: Apollo Lincoln MKZ test car (US) (2021) Baidu Apollo: Apolong II (2021) Baidu Apollo (built by JMC): Apollo RT6 (6th-gen robotaxi) (2022) Baidu Apollo with BAIC ARCFOX: Apollo Moon (5th-gen robotaxi, ARCFOX version) (2021) Baidu Apollo with FAW Hongqi: Apollo Robotaxi (Hongqi E-Jie / Hongqi EV) (2019) Baidu Apollo with King Long (Xiamen King Long United Automotive): Apolong (2018) Baykar: Bayraktar Kizilelma (2022) Beep with Oxa (on Ford E-Transit): NAVI autonomous shuttle (Ford E-Transit with Oxa Driver) (2025) BlackSea Technologies (acquired by AEVEX, 2026): GARC (Global Autonomous Reconnaissance Craft) (2023) Boeing: Echo Voyager (2016) Boeing: MQ-25 Stingray (2019) Boeing Australia: MQ-28 Ghost Bat (2021) Boeing NeXt with Aurora Flight Sciences: Passenger Air Vehicle (PAV) (2019) Boeing with Huntington Ingalls Industries: Orca XLUUV (2023) Boonray Technology: Boonray autonomous electric mining trucks (BLEB145A1) (2018) Bot Auto: Bot Auto autonomous truck (retrofitted Freightliner) (2025) Bundeswehr University Munich (Ernst Dickmanns): VaMoRs (1986) Bundeswehr University Munich with Mercedes-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VaMP (1994) Cainiao (Alibaba Group): Cainiao GT (2024) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT Pro (2025) Cainiao (Alibaba Group); brand licensed to Zelos from 2026: Cainiao GT-Lite (2025) Cao Cao Mobility (Geely): Cao Cao Mobility Robotaxi (Hangzhou fleet) (2026) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: H1ghlander (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Red Team: Sandstorm (2005) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 1 (1986) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 2 (1990) Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute: Navlab 5 (1995) Caterpillar: Cat MineStar Command for hauling (789D, 793D/F, 797F, 794 AC) (2013) Caterpillar: Cat autonomous quarry haulage (Luck Stone Bull Run) (2024) Clevon (now indiGO Europe, part of indiGOtech): CLEVON 1 (GO Bot) (2022) Cruise (General Motors): Cruise AV (Chevrolet Bolt EV) (2016) Cruise (General Motors) with Honda: Cruise Origin (2020) Daimler Trucks North America: Freightliner Inspiration Truck (2015) Daimler with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Mercedes-Benz S 500 Intelligent Drive (Bertha Benz drive) (2013) Daimler-Benz (EUREKA PROMETHEUS): VITA-2 (1994) DeepRoute.ai with Cao Cao Mobility: DeepRoute.ai Robotaxi (Shenzhen Futian) (2021) Delphi Automotive: Delphi automated driving car (coast-to-coast) (2015) DFFAS consortium led by Japan Marine Science (NYK group): SUZAKU (DFFAS autonomous container ship) (2022) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Autonomous Driving robotaxi (Shanghai pilot) (2020) DiDi Autonomous Driving: DiDi Neuron (2023) DiDi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion (Andi Technology joint venture): DiDi and GAC Aion factory-built L4 robotaxi (2025) DJI: FlyCart 30 (2023) Drive.ai: Drive.ai self-driving van (Nissan NV200) (2018) EACON Mining Technology: EACON L4 autonomous mining trucks (ORCASTRA) (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 (first generation) (2015) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 2 (2018) EasyMile: EZ10 Gen 3 (2019) Eelume AS with Kongsberg Maritime and Equinor: Eelume (2016) EHang: EHang 184 (2016) EHang: EH216-S (2023) EHang: VT35 (2025) Einride: Einride Pod (formerly T-pod) (2017) Elroy Air: Chaparral C1 (2022) Embark Trucks: Embark autonomous truck (Peterbilt 579) (2017) Fernride: Fernride autonomous terminal tractor (Terberg base) (2023) Flytrex: Flytrex Sky2 (2026) Fusion Processing with First Bus (Fiat Ducato base): Milton Park autonomous minibus (2023) Gatik: Gatik driverless box truck (2021) Gaussin: Gaussin APM 75T autonomous terminal tractor (2019) Gaussin with ST Engineering Land Systems: Gaussin AGV Performance (ST Engineering, PSA Singapore) (2018) Geely with CaoCao: Eva Cab (2026) General Atomics Aeronautical Systems: YFQ-42A Dark Merlin (production FQ-42A) (2025) Glydways: Glydcar (2025) Google (Project Chauffeur, later Waymo): Google self-driving Toyota Prius (2009) Gottwald Port Technology (now Konecranes): Gottwald / Konecranes diesel-electric AGV (2001) Hellobike (Hello Inc.): Hello HR1 (Hello Robot1) (2025) HII Mission Technologies: REMUS 620 (2022) Hitachi Construction Machinery: Hitachi AHS on EH5000AC-3 (2020) Holon (Benteler Group): Holon Urban (launched as Holon Mover) (2023) Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding (CSSC) for the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai): Zhu Hai Yun (2022) IAV: HEAT shuttle (Hamburg Electric Autonomous Transportation) (2019) Ike Robotics: Ike autonomous truck (2018) Inceptio Technology with Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle: Dongfeng heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) Inceptio Technology with Sinotruk Jinan Truck: Sinotruk heavy truck with Inceptio Xuanyuan system (2021) International Submarine Engineering for Defence Research Establishment Pacific: Theseus (1995) ISEE: ISEE autonomous yard truck (2021) Isuzu with AIST and Nippon Koei: Erga Mio autonomous mid-size bus (2020) JD Logistics: JD Logistics L4 autonomous van (2025) Joby Aviation (autonomy stack acquired from Xwing in 2024): J208 autonomous Cessna Caravan (ex-Xwing Superflight) (2026) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024): Kalmar AutoShuttle (2008) Kalmar (Cargotec until 2024) with Patrick Terminals: Kalmar AutoStrad automated straddle carrier (2005) Kaman Aerospace and Lockheed Martin: Unmanned K-MAX (2011) KargoBot (spun out of DiDi): KargoBot L4 robotruck (KargoPlatform) (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-ATAK (2021) Karsan with ADASTEC: Autonomous e-JEST (2025) Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha with Japan Radio and YDK Technologies: Hokuren Maru No. 2 (autonomous Ro-Ro retrofit) (2023) KG Mobility with SWM: Gangnam late-night autonomous taxi (KGM Korando EV with SWM) (2024) KG Mobility with SWM: Torres EVX robotaxi (KGM with SWM) (2026) Kitty Hawk / Zephyr Airworks (later Wisk Aero): Cora (later Wisk Cora, 5th generation) (2018) Kodiak AI (formerly Kodiak Robotics): Kodiak RoboTruck (Kodiak Driver) (2024) Komatsu: Komatsu FrontRunner AHS (930E, 980E, 830E) (2008) Konecranes: Konecranes Gottwald battery AGV (lead-acid and Li-ion) (2011) Kratos Defense & Security Solutions: XQ-58 Valkyrie (2019) Leidos: Seahawk (medium USV) (2021) Leidos for DARPA (built by Christensen Shipyards and Vigor Industrial): Sea Hunter (ACTUV) (2016) Liebherr: Liebherr T 264 autonomous (battery-electric) (2023) Liquid Robotics (Boeing subsidiary since 2016): Wave Glider (2009) Local Motors: Olli (2016) Local Motors: Olli 2.0 (2019) Locomation: Locomation Autonomous Relay Convoy (2020) LOXO: LOXO Alpha (2023) MAN Truck & Bus (TRATON) and ATLAS-L4 consortium: MAN ATLAS-L4 autonomous truck (2024) MAN Truck & Bus with ADASTEC: Lion's City 12 E autonomous (MINGA project) (2023) Manna: Manna delivery drone (2020) Marubeni consortium with Mitsui E&S, Tryangle and Yokosuka City: Sea Friend Zero (Sarushima autonomous tourism boat) (2022) Matternet: Matternet M2 (2017) May Mobility: Autonomous shuttle on Polaris GEM e6 (2018) May Mobility: May Mobility Lexus RX 450h (2021) May Mobility with Toyota: May Mobility Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS (2023) Meituan: Meituan autonomous delivery vehicle (2020) Meituan: Meituan new-generation delivery vehicle (2021) Meituan: Meituan fourth-generation delivery drone (2025) Meituan: M-Drone 4L Winch (2026) Merlin: Merlin Pilot (Cessna Caravan and C-130J programmes) (2023) Minus Zero: zPod (2023) Mitsubishi Shipbuilding with Shin Nihonkai Ferry: SOLEIL (MEGURI2040 autonomous ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium (Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding, Furuno, MOL Ferry): Sunflower Shiretoko (MEGURI2040 ferry trial) (2022) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines consortium with Imoto Lines: Mikage (autonomous container ship trials) (2022) Mobileye: Mobileye Drive robotaxi (NIO-based) (2021) Momenta: Momenta Robotaxi (2025) Momenta with Mercedes-Benz and Lumo: Mercedes-Benz S-Class robotaxi (Momenta, Abu Dhabi) (2025) MooVita: MooBus (2021) Motional (Hyundai Motor Group): Motional IONIQ 5 robotaxi (2021) National Oceanography Centre: Boaty McBoatface (Autosub Long Range) (2017) Navya: Arma (later Autonom Shuttle) (2015) Navya (Gama from 2023, Navya Mobility from 2024): Autonom Shuttle Evo (Evo L4) (2020) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix first-generation L4 delivery vehicle (2019) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 Plus (2023) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X6 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X3 (2024) Neolix (Xinshiqi): Neolix X12 (H12) (2025) Next Future Transportation: Autonomous modular pod (2018) Nippon Mobility (on Hino Poncho Long): Hino Poncho Long autonomous bus (2021) Nissan: Nissan Serena autonomous mobility service vehicle (2025) Nissan with DeNA: Easy Ride robo-vehicle (Nissan LEAF) (2018) Northrop Grumman: RQ-4 Global Hawk (1998) Northrop Grumman: X-47B (2011) Nuro: Nuro R1 (2018) Nuro: Nuro R2 (2020) Nuro: Nuro R3 (2022) nuTonomy: nuTonomy robotaxi (Renault Zoe / Mitsubishi i-MiEV) (2016) Ohmio: Ohmio Lift (2019) Otto (Uber): Otto self-driving truck (Volvo VNL) (2016) Outrider: Outrider autonomous yard truck (2020) ParkShuttle (Rivium) programme: ParkShuttle Generation I (1999) PlusAI with International Motors (TRATON): International LT with PlusAI SuperDrive (2025) Pony.ai: Pony.ai Lexus RX robotaxi (2019) Pony.ai: PonyTron L4 truck (FAW Jiefang J7) (2021) Pony.ai with BAIC ARCFOX: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (BAIC ARCFOX Alpha T5) (2025) Pony.ai with CATL: Pony.ai L4 light-duty truck (2026) Pony.ai with GAC Aion: Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (GAC Aion V, 2nd gen) (2025) Pony.ai with Hyundai and Via: BotRide (Hyundai KONA Electric) (2019) Pony.ai with SANY Heavy Truck: Pony.ai-SANY L4 heavy truck (2022) Pony.ai with SANY Truck and Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor: Pony.ai Gen-4 autonomous truck (2025) Pony.ai with Toyota: Pony.ai Gen-6 robotaxi (Toyota Sienna Autono-MaaS) (2022) Pony.ai with Toyota (GAC Toyota): Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi (Toyota bZ4X) (2025) ProMare with IBM: Mayflower Autonomous Ship (MAS400) (2021) Pronto: Pronto AHS (retrofit on Cat 775G, Komatsu HD605) (2023) PSA International (multiple suppliers): PSA Tuas Port AGV fleet (2022) Pyka: Pelican Cargo (2023) QCraft: Longzhou ONE Robobus (2021) QCraft with Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Longzhou SPACE Robobus (2024) Reliable Robotics: Reliable Robotics Cessna 208 Caravan (2020) RideFlux: RideFlux driver-out robotaxi (Genesis GV80) (2024) Rolls-Royce with Finferries: Falco (autonomous ferry demonstration) (2018) SafeAI (with Obayashi and Avia Engineering): SafeAI and Obayashi autonomous electric Cat 725 retrofit (2023) SAIC Mobility with Momenta: SAIC Mobility Robotaxi (Rising Auto Marvel R) (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Explorer (2014) Saildrone: Saildrone Surveyor (2021) Saildrone: Saildrone Voyager (2023) Sandvik: AutoMine (automated underground loaders and trucks) (2004) SANY: SANY SKT90E unmanned electric wide-body mining truck (2020) Saronic Technologies: Corsair (2024) Saronic Technologies: Mirage (2026) Scania (TRATON): Scania autonomous hub-to-hub truck (2021) Scania with Nobina: Citywide LF electric autonomous bus (2019) SEA-KIT International: Maxlimer (SEA-KIT X-class USV) (2018) Sefine Shipyard with Aselsan: TCB Marlin SIDA (2024) Sensible 4 with MUJI: GACHA (2019) Seoul Metropolitan Government (Hyundai Elec City buses): Seoul late-night autonomous bus A21 (Hyundai Elec City) (2023) Shenzhen Haylion Technologies with Shenzhen Bus Group: Alphaba smart bus (2017) Skye Air Mobility: Skye Ship One (2022) Stack AV with PACCAR / Peterbilt: Stack AV autonomous Peterbilt 579 (2026) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University): Junior (2007) Stanford Racing Team (Stanford University) with Volkswagen ERL: Stanley (2005) Tartan Racing (Carnegie Mellon University and General Motors): Boss (2007) Teledyne Webb Research: Slocum glider (1989) Tensor (formerly AutoX): Tensor Robocar (2025) Terberg with Embotech: Embotech / Terberg automated electric terminal tractor (2025) Tesla: Tesla Cybercab (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robovan (2024) Tesla: Tesla Robotaxi (Model Y service fleet) (2025) Tianjin Port Group with Huawei: Tianjin Port Section C L4 electric container trucks (2021) Tier IV: Tier IV robotaxi (Toyota JPN Taxi with Autoware) (2024) Torc Robotics and Daimler Truck North America: Freightliner Cascadia autonomous (Torc Virtual Driver) (2024) Torghatten with Zeabuz: MF Estelle (2023) Toyota: e-Palette (Tokyo 2020 version) (2019) TractEasy (TLD with EasyMile): TractEasy EZTow (2018) Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (MITI): Tsukuba self-driving car (1977) Turing Drive: Turing Drive Xinyi Road autonomous bus (2020) TuSimple: TuSimple Driver Out autonomous semi-truck (2021) TuSimple (now CreateAI): TuSimple China driverless truck (2023) Uber Advanced Technologies Group: Uber ATG self-driving Ford Fusion Hybrid (2016) Uber Advanced Technologies Group with Volvo Cars: Uber ATG self-driving Volvo XC90 (2017) Uber, Lucid and Nuro: Uber robotaxi (Lucid Gravity with Nuro Driver) (2025) Udelv: Udelv Newton (2019) Udelv with Mobileye: Udelv Transporter (2021) University of Parma (Alberto Broggi's group, later VisLab): ARGO (1998) US Navy: Spartan Scout (2003) Vayu Robotics: Vayu road delivery robot (2024) Verne (Rimac Group): Verne robotaxi (purpose-built two-seater) (2024) VisLab (University of Parma): BRAiVE (2009) VisLab (University of Parma): VIAC vans (VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge) (2010) VisLab (University of Parma): DEEVA (2014) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles / MOIA, with Mobileye: Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD (2021) Volvo Autonomous Solutions (Volvo Group): Volvo Autonomous Solutions quarry trucks (Autona earth, Volvo FH) (2023) Volvo Autonomous Solutions with Aurora Innovation: Volvo VNL Autonomous (Aurora Driver) (2024) Volvo Buses with NTU Singapore: 7900 Electric autonomous bus (2019) Volvo Trucks (Volvo Group): Volvo Vera (2018) Waabi with Volvo Autonomous Solutions: Volvo VNL Autonomous powered by the Waabi Driver (2025) Waymo: Waymo Via autonomous Class 8 truck (2017) Waymo (Google self-driving car project): Firefly (Google self-driving car prototype) (2014) Waymo with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles: Waymo Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid (4th-gen Waymo Driver) (2016) Waymo with Hyundai Motor Group: Waymo Hyundai IONIQ 5 (6th-gen Waymo Driver) (2024) Waymo with Jaguar Land Rover: Waymo Jaguar I-PACE (5th-gen Waymo Driver) (2018) Waymo with Zeekr (Geely): Waymo Ojai (6th-gen Waymo Driver, Zeekr-built) (2021) Waytous (Huituo) with CASIC Aerospace Heavy Industry: Driverless MT4400 220-tonne haul trucks (Baorixile mine) (2020) Wayve: Wayve Jaguar I-PACE test fleet (2019) Wayve with Uber: Wayve AI Driver robotaxi on Uber (London) (2026) WeRide: WeRide Robotaxi (first fleet, Guangzhou) (2018) WeRide: Robovan W5 (2025) WeRide with Geely Farizon: Robotaxi GXR (2024) WeRide with Geely Farizon and Kwoon Chung: Robotaxi GXR right-hand-drive (Hong Kong) (2026) WeRide with Yutong: Robobus (Yutong Xiaoyu 2.0) (2021) Westfield Technology Group: Westfield POD (GATEway) (2017) Westwell (Shanghai Westwell-Lab Technology): Westwell Qomolo Q-Truck (2021) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino early unmanned delivery vehicle (2020) White Rhino (Bai Xiniu / Rino.ai): White Rhino R5 (2025) Wing (Alphabet): Wing delivery drone (2019) Wisk Aero (Boeing subsidiary; Archer acquisition announced August 2026): Wisk Gen 6 (2022) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer) (1994) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Sentry (2006) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Nereus (2009) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Oceanographic Systems Lab); Hydroid from 2001: REMUS (original) (1995) XCMG: XCMG XDR80TE-AT cabless autonomous electric mining truck (2023) XCMG (for China Huaneng; software with Huawei): XCMG ZNK95 "Huaneng Ruichi" driverless electric mining truck (2025) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus: Astar autonomous minibus (2019) Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus with Mogo Auto: MOGO BUS (2022) Xiamen King Long (vehicle) with Baidu (system), operated by KC Smart Mobility and Prime Motors JV: HKIA landside autonomous bus (2026) XPeng: XPeng Yoyo robotaxi (GX-based) (2025) Yamaha Motor with AIST: ZEN drive Pilot (Yamaha Land Car) (2023) Yandex: Yandex self-driving car (Toyota Prius+ prototype) (2017) Yandex (Yandex Self-Driving Group) with Hyundai Mobis: Yandex robotaxi (Hyundai Sonata) (2019) Yara International with Kongsberg Maritime: Yara Birkeland (2021) Yutong Bus: Yutong autonomous city bus (2015 road test) (2015) Yutong Bus: Xiaoyu (first generation) (2019) Yutong Bus: Yutong U12 intelligent bus (WITGO system) (2020) Zeabuz for the Government of Aland: Simskala ferry Virtual Cable Ferry system (2026) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2023) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z10 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z2 (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z5 (2024 edition) (2024) Zelos (Jiushi Zhixing): Zelos Z8 (2024) Zipline: Zipline Platform 1 (P1) (2016) Zipline: Zipline Platform 2 (P2 Zip) (2023) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox Toyota Highlander test fleet (2018) Zoox (Amazon): Zoox robotaxi (2020) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC L-AGV lift AGV (Qingdao Qianwan) (2015) ZPMC (Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries): ZPMC AGV (Yangshan Phase IV) (2017)
Figures are what makers or the press published; “—” means not published. Each robot's profile links to its sources.
How comparisons are chosen
Every robot page, the suggestions above and the popular list follow the same rules, so a comparison is never a random pick. You can still compare any two robots yourself with the menus at the top.
Like with like. Humanoids are compared with humanoids, and a machine only with its own type: a robot dog with robot dogs.
Another maker. A maker’s own models are listed on its page instead.
Moves the same way. Walking robots with walking robots, wheeled with wheeled, fixed upper bodies with fixed upper bodies.
Same stage. Robots on sale or in pilots with each other; prototypes with prototypes; research platforms with research platforms; past robots with robots of their time.
A shared main job. At least one job in common, such as factory work, retail or care. Broad labels like research, education or general-purpose only count when a robot has nothing more specific.
Close in time, size and price. First shown within two years, in the same size class (full size from 150 cm, mid size 100 to 149 cm, small under 100 cm) and priced within three times of each other when both prices are published. If fewer than two robots pass, these three are relaxed and the page says the matches are the nearest ones.
Under each peer’s name, the page lists which of these it shares. Closer size and price, and more jobs in common, put a robot higher in the list.